Who Were the Sons of Liberty

From the 1957 Disney movie, Johnny Tremain to the 2015 Broadway hit Hamilton, â€Å"The Sons of Liberty† has been depicted as a group of early American patriots who rallied their colonial countrymen to fight for the freedom of the colonies from the oppressive rule of the English Crown. In Hamilton, the character Hercules Mulligan sings, â€Å"I am runnin with the Sons of Liberty and I am lovin it.† But stage and screen aside, were the Sons of Liberty real and were they really bent on revolution? It was About Taxes, Not Revolution In reality, The Sons of Liberty was a secret group of politically dissident colonists formed in the Thirteen American Colonies during the early days of the American Revolution dedicated to fighting against taxes imposed on them by the British government. From the group’s own constitution signed in early 1766, it is clear that the Sons of Liberty had no intention of starting a revolution. â€Å"That we have the highest esteem of his most sacred Majesty, King George the Third, the Sovereign Protector of our Rights, and the succession by Law established, and will bear true Allegiance to him and his Royal house forever,† states the document. While the group’s action helped fan the flames of revolution, The Sons of Liberty demanded only that the colonists be treated fairly by the British government. The group is best known for leading the colonists’ opposition to the British Stamp Act of 1765, and for its still often-quoted rallying cry of, â€Å"No Taxation without Representation.†Ã‚   While the Sons of Liberty officially disbanded after the repeal of the Stamp Act, later separatist groups used the name to anonymously summon followers to gather at the â€Å"Liberty Tree,† a famed elm tree in Boston believed to have been the site of the first acts of rebellion against the British government. What was the Stamp Act? In 1765, the American colonies were protected by more than 10,000 British soldiers. As the expenses involved in quartering and equipping these soldiers living in the colonies continued to grow, the British government decided that the American colonists should pay their share. Hoping to accomplish this, the British Parliament enacted a series of taxes aimed solely at the colonists. Many colonists vowed not to pay the taxes. Having no representative in Parliament, the colonists felt the taxes had been enacted without any form of their consent. This belief led to their demand for, â€Å"No Taxation without Representation.† By far the most hotly-opposed of these British taxes, the Stamp Act of 1765 required that many printed materials produced in the American colonies be printed only on paper made in London and bearing an embossed British revenue stamp. The stamp was required on newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, playing cards, legal documents, and many other items printed in the colonies at the time. In addition, the stamps could be purchased only with valid British coins, rather than the more easily available colonial paper currency. The Stamp Act triggered a rapidly-growing torrent of opposition throughout the colonies. Some colonies passed legislation officially condemning it, while the public responded with demonstrations and occasional acts of vandalism. By the summer of 1765, the several scattered groups organizing demonstrations against the Stamp Act came together to form the Sons of Liberty. From the Loyal Nine to the Sons of Liberty While much of the history of Sons of Liberty remains clouded by the same secrecy in which it was born, the group was originally founded in Boston, Massachusetts during August 1765 by a group of nine Bostonians who referred to themselves as the â€Å"Loyal Nine.† It is believed that the original membership of the Loyal Nine consisted of: Benjamin Edes, the publisher of the Boston GazetteHenry Bass, a merchant, and cousin of Samuel AdamsJohn Avery Jr, a distillerThomas Chase, a distillerThomas Crafts, a painterStephen Cleverly, a brass craftsmanJohn Smith, a brass craftsmanJoseph Field, a ship’s captainGeorge Trott, a jewelerEither Henry Welles, a mariner, or Joseph Field, a ship’s master Since the group purposely left few records, it is not known exactly when the â€Å"Loyal Nine† became â€Å"The Sons of Liberty.† However, the term was first used by Irish politician Isaac Barre in February 1765 during a speech to the British Parliament. Supporting the American colonists in their opposition to the Stamp Act, Barre told Parliament: â€Å"[Were] they [the colonists] nourished by your indulgence? They grew by your neglect of them. As soon as you began to care about them, that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over them, in one department and another†¦ sent to spy out their liberty, to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon them; men whose behavior on many occasions has caused the blood of these sons of liberty to recoil within them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Stamp Act Riot What had been vocal opposition to the Stamp Act turned to violence in Boston on the morning of August 14, 1765, when protesters believed to be Sons of Liberty members attacked the home of local British stamp distributor Andrew Oliver. The rioters started by hanging a likeness of Oliver from the famed elm tree known as the â€Å"Liberty Tree.† Later in the day, the mob dragged Oliver’s effigy through the streets and destroyed the new building he had built to use as his stamp office. When Oliver refused to resign, the protestors beheaded his effigy in front of his fine and costly home before breaking out all of the windows, destroying the carriage house and stealing the wine from the wine cellar. Having clearly received the message, Oliver resigned the next day. However, Oliver’s resignation was not the end of the riot. On August 26, another group of protesters pillaged and virtually destroyed the stately Boston home of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson – Oliver’s brother-in-law. Similar protests in other colonies forced more British officials to resign. At colonial seaports, incoming ships loaded with British stamps and paper were forced to return to London. By March 1765, the Loyal Nine had become known as the Sons of Liberty, with groups known to have formed in New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. In November, a committee had formed in New York to coordinate secret correspondence between the rapidly spreading Sons of Liberty groups. Repeal of the Stamp Act Between October 7 and 25, 1765, elected delegates from nine colonies convened the Stamp Act Congress in New York for the purpose of devising a unified protest against the Stamp Act. The delegates drafted a â€Å"Declaration of Rights and Grievances† affirming their belief that only the locally-elected colonial governments, rather than the British Crown, had the legal authority to tax the colonists. Over the coming months, boycotts of British imports by colonial merchants encouraged merchants in Britain to ask Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. During the boycotts, colonial women formed local chapters of the â€Å"Daughters of Liberty† to spin cloth to substitute for the blocked British imports. By November 1765, the combination of violent protests, boycotts, and resignations of British stamp distributors and colonial officials was making it increasingly difficult for the British Crown to implement the Stamp Act. Finally, in March 1766, after an impassioned appeal by Benjamin Franklin before the British House of Commons, Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act almost a year to the day after it had been enacted. Legacy of the Sons of Liberty In May 1766, after learning of the repeal of the Stamp Act, members of the Sons of Liberty gathered under the branches of the same â€Å"Liberty Tree† from which they had hanged Andrew Oliver’s effigy on August 14, 1765, to celebrate their victory. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the Sons of Liberty was revived by Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb. In a March 1784 rally in New York, the group called for the expulsion of any remaining British loyalists from the state. In an election held on December 1784, members of the new Sons of Liberty won enough seats in the New York legislature to pass a set of laws intended to punish the remaining loyalists. In violation of the Revolution-ending Treaty of Paris, the laws called for all property of the loyalists to be confiscated. Citing the authority of the treaty, Alexander Hamilton successfully defended the loyalists, paving the road to lasting peace, cooperation, and friendship between America and Britain.

Black Efforts Towards The Gradual Emancipation Act Of 1799

Black Efforts Toward the Gradual Emancipation Act of 1799 in New York African American’s first legal sight of freedom came in 1799 with the Gradual Emancipation of slaves that were born on or after 1799. Many whites against slavery helped with their efforts in bring the Gradual Emancipation’s approval. The Quakers were the first to help the slaves fight for freedom. The New York Manumission Society contributed the most for the emancipation of slaves, but let’s not give all the credit to the whites. Black efforts undeniably helped in the process of gradually abolishing slavery as well. Slaves first and foremost effort at freedom came from attempting to flee. Blacks have been running away from their masters since their introduction†¦show more content†¦With this in consideration, tens of thousands of slaves joined the British side during the war. The British occupied New York in 1776 and it became a center for blacks from all over the colonies seeking freedom. This multiplying number helped the British with the need for la bor, but also alarmed them. Whether fleeing to the British side or staying loyal to the American rebels, blacks expected freedom and equality after their service was given. By the end of the war, many blacks that served o the British side were relocated and attained liberty through traveling to British territories. Between three and four thousand blacks left New York through its port for these British territories and about one thousand were native to New York. The reality of black’s service to the patriot cause in revolutionary America led most northern states to emancipate their slaves during or immediately after the war. Vermont provided for immediate emancipation in its 1777 constitution and by 1780, Pennsylvania enacted gradual emancipation. However, New York still heavily relied on slave labor in the city through the 1780s and this lead to the resistance of gradual emancipation in their state constitution or in legislative actions. After the Revolutionary War, blacks sta rted to speak out themselves on their take of freedom. Poetry became useful for claims to natural rights. Two of the frontrunners of black literature were PhillisShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Contributions to American History3703 Words   |  15 PagesMany blacks contributed to the success of our country in every war that we as a people have ever fought. In order to properly thank them for their heroic effort, I as a Hispanic Caucasian must give credit where credit is due. In order to properly do so, I must begin with the contributions of â€Å"Black America† beginning with the American Revolution and continue up until the World War II. Make no mistake blacks made contributions well past World War II, but in the interest of time and accuracy I must

Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation. Answer: Introduction: The two post that is above ground lift is designed to raise cars in this case the passenger car is used instead, to make it easy to get into the underside of the vehicle and also the assemblies of the wheels. The two post above ground lift is under normal circumstances attached to the surface which is made of concrete that existed before. The minimum depth of the concrete that is needed by the two post above the ground level is approximately four inches although a concrete which is more thicker is also needed for the post lifts that surpasses the normal capacity, (Ackermann etzler,C, 2014). This lift is made up of two columns which are all upright, the two hydraulic cylinders, the four adjustable arms which are mounted to the carriage assembly, a hydraulic power unit and various hoses, cables and pulleys also employs the use of an extruded nut which its configurations are powered by the electric motor. According to (Akorede Hizan, 2011),The two post above the ground level was created for the facilities that are moving and they were not able to be installed in the in-ground lifts. This is the reason as to why so many centers for automotive services are normally constructed on the hard rock where excavation can to be practical or possible. They are sometimes developed on the buildings which are located on the facilities that has its water table high above the ground. Additionally, two post above the ground lifts is always a perfect decision which is to replace the in-ground lift which is inoperable hence cutting down the down time and also eliminates the mess that comes about during installation that is developed with the in ground lifts. Most of the two post above ground lifts are powered by the hydraulic power unit. This unit is the assembly of the main components which is as follows: The dump valve handle permits the hydraulic fluid flowing into reservoir direct from hydraulic system. The hydraulic pump that is attached below the motor assembly having the preset valve pressure limit The plastic reservoir which is used for hydraulic fluid The Electric motor which is normally 220 Volt on a single phase 60 HZ. The most widely needed electric motor must give out uppermost torque , on the other hand making the drawing of the least amount of amperage. The horse power motor that is so high is never the best compared to the horse power that is the lowest in giving out the same torque. Designing is the process of converting an idea from that which a product can be developed. The whole processes of designing needs making good decisions on the material that the can develop the product and all of the processes that constitutes making of the product. Design dictates the material chosen or vice versa. At first, all materials must be put into consideration, but as the processes of designing becomes more comprehensive, the criteria of selection also takes its shape, this reduces the number of materials that are needed for the process. At the final stages, exact information for analysis is required in order to be used. The data needed is for very few materials. This particular process must recognize the first richness of the choice. Narrowing the process to a very small subset is also needed and provision of the detail on which final design calculations are based The logic that operates behind the machine is as follows; at the moment a power button of an electric motor is put into action by pressing it, hydraulic or electric power unit gives out pressurized hydraulic fluid that comes through the hoses. The pressure comes to the two cylinders of which the cylinders are located in opposing columns. The hydraulic fluid pressure is through regulated by the use of the factory preset pump valve. Although the atlas lift has the capabilities of lifting a mass which is much more than the stipulated capacity, they are also constrained to their capacity which they are rated using the pressure valve that is always located inside the hydraulic or the electric power unit. The pressure valve is always installed from the factory, it is also adjusted accordingly in order to prevent the user of the machine from loading the weight that is more than the rated weight of the lift. As we know that the pressure valve is fitted from the company that manufactures the lift, its not therefore allowed to adjust the valve in any way. Most of the two post lifts are made up of the automatic safety arm locks which in this case are architectured in order to protect the lift arm, and the point the pads which are in the arm are positioned properly under the vehicle, the arm lock which are automatic engages at the time the vehicle is then lifted approximately 2 inches from the ground level, and also it automatically disengages immediately the vehicle is lowered down to ground. Allowance stress This is the maximum stress which can be allowed on a material Allowable stress therefore F=Fy/F.S When the Fy =10 and F.S =(10*4)/7=5.7 F=10/5.7 =1.75 (This is the Maximum stress that can be applied on the material where incase of any exceeds, the material breaks) where Fy is the yield stress and F.S is the factor of safety The lifting machine is very technical to operate, and in order to operate the machine, there must be a technical training that should me made to any person operating the lifting machine. It order to operate the two post above ground lift, the following are the step by step guide that is very crucial and worthy knowing before operation of the machine. Get to know and understand the maximum weight limit of the load of the adaptors and the lift. It is not advisable to overload past the standard that the manufacturer of the machine indicated. Place the vehicle in a position that the centre of the gravity may be balanced on top of the lift in accordance with the recommendation that are given by the manufacturer of the two post above ground. It is advisable to check the clearances of the overhead before the lifting is done, check the antennas of the vehicle, its signs and attachments too. Ensure that inside the car, there is no one , shut the door , trunk and the hood before raising the car. While raising the car, make sure that people are at least 2m away from the car that is being lifted by the two post above ground lift. Make sure that a daily check of safety is done to all components that the lift has before using the lift. Make sure that a personal protective equipment which in this case can be called PPE is worn. This is when working on a raised vehicle The above drawing is the drawing of the two post above the ground in a 2D form using the auto CAD drawing software . All the details of the garage are placed in a 2D from the 3D picture. In order to perfectly lift the vehicle to the respected position , the following are the procedure which must be followed: First , the transmission is placed in a central position and the ignition put off, the door of the car should be closed and make sure that any other overhead distractions are not there, this distractions might include the aerials of the radio or any other distractions. The pads are then supposed to be placed in a proper location which is under the contact point which is recommended Before lifting the vehicle, make sure that the automatic chock device which is on the drive on lifts are well placed and also should be made sure that the permanent block they are enough to stop the vehicle. Lift up the vehicle until its wheels are all up from the floor, this should be about 30 cm to one feet. Recheck that the contact pads are accurately placed and that the mass is never positioned and put on the vehicle parts that could end up damaging the vehicle body. Pull down the vehicle, make sure that the vehicle is well placed on a lift, this is done before any further lifting is done. In case the vehicle is not well positioned or maybe the vehicle looks like it might slide when raised. The lift should not be lifted very fast to the uppermost position or being banged, this is not allowed but instead, lift up the vehicle very slowly especially for the last like 30cm or around 1.6 fts. When the lift is banged, this will make the seal bolts get stretched and can allow the leakage of the oil. After that, lock the lift using the locking device which is mechanical in nature or rather the proposed jack stand can be used to lock up the lift. For this, you should make sure that you understands all the situations that might resulting to changing in the centre of gravity of the vehicle and might cause the falling down of the vehicle. That is, removing the cargo which is in the vehicle if the cargo can shift without expectations. You are also expected to follow in latter the recommendations which are made by the manufacturer in regard the removal of the heavy materials and loads like the engine and any other material which is very heavy and can cause the change in the CoG. It should also be noted that the installation and the removal of the parts of the vehicle might result to change in the centre of gravity hence making the vehicle to become very much unstable. When need to lower down the vehicle, the following is the procedure of doing the same: First, make sure that there is no jacks, tool or equipment or any other objection that might be present under the lift. Ensure that everybody that was there during the process is there and standing in a clear location just before lowering down the lift. Then lower the vehicle smoothly and slowly and also make sure that the lift has gone in its lowest position possible, (Brooks, 1934).Adjust the arm and supports of the lift , make sure that you remove the chocks as required. This will make sure that the vehicle is moved with no getting into the parts of the lift especially when the vehicle is driven away. Ensure that the vehicle is lowered to the ground before entering are again. Conclusion From the above , the auto CAD is used to draw the 2D of a 3D picture. For the above garage, it was therefore possible to construct a 2D drawing that recaptures the whole two post above the ground in the garage. Being also great to learn on how to make the drawing, it become also good to know how the processes in the garage take s place. The two post above the ground has to be operated by experts who have the knowhow on how to go about the precautions of the machine. The procedure have to be followed strictly in accordance with the companies recommendations and also according to the conditions of operation that are laid down. The lifting machine lifts vehicles above the ground in order for all operation that are supposed to be taken under the vehicle should take place without any problems and obstructions. This machine is very much of help to mechanical engineers and also automobile engineers as it helps them get into focus with the underneath of the vehicles comfortably. The garages are supposed to be developed in a location that is not near the waters and on the ground that is above the water table of the ground that is rocky. Bibliography Ackermann, B., etzler,C. (2014). Distributed generation : a definition 1. Electric power system research. Akorede, M., Hizan, H. (2011). Effective method for optimal allocation of distributed generation units in method electric power system. IET generation transmission. Brooks, W. (1934). U.S Patent No. 1,948.951. Washington DC: U.S patent trademark Ofiice. Hobbs, B., Anderson, G. (2010). Strategic gaming analysis for electric power system. MPEC publishers.